||  cybertutorial 5 ||  the de particle

The Place or Means of Action-Indicating Particle

 

While the structural particle "o" indicates what the action
of a verb acts on, the structural particle "
de" is used to indicate
the "place" or "location" where the action occurs.

A second function of "de" is to indicate the "means" by which an
action is performed or something that is used to perform an action.


Examples

Uchi de Nihongo o benkyou shimasu.
home Japanese study
(I) study Japanese (at) home.

Shinkansen de Oosaka ni ikimasita.
bullet train Osaka went
(I) went (to) Osaka (by) bullet train.

Waapuro de Nihongo no tegami o kakimasita.
word processor Japanese letter wrote
(I) wrote (a) Japanese letter (using) (a) word processor.

If the verb of an utterance is not primarily concerned with action
then
de is not used to indicate a location. ni is used for this
purpose:

Toukyou de hataraite imasu.
Tokyo working
(I) am working (in) Tokyo.

Toukyou ni sunde imasu.
Tokyo live
(I) live (in) Tokyo.


"de" also has several other functions:

 

To indicate a geographical area, class, or category in which something
is the largest, smallest, newest, and so forth.

Nihon de ichiban ookii
Japan most large
the largest (in) Japan

pasokon de ichiban atarashii
personal computer most new
the newest (among) personal computers

 

To indicate a range of time or a sum of money.

Nihongo o sankagetsu de oboemasita.
Japanese three months learned
(I) learned Japanese (in) three months.

Itiman en de kaimasita.
10,000 yen bought
(I) bought (it) (for) 10,000 yen.

 

To indicate a group or number of people.

Hitori de Nihongo o oboemasita.
one person Japanese learned
(I) learned Japanese (by) myself. (literally: one person)

Kono sigoto o futari de yarimashou
This job two people let's do
Let's (the) two (of us) do this job.


Sample Sentences:


Tsugi no kado de tomete kudasai.
next corner stop please
Please stop (the taxi) (at) (the) next corner.

Gakkou de Nihongo o benkyou site imasu.
school Japanese studying
(I) (am) studying Japanese (at) school.

Kono kamera wa sanman en de kaimasita.
this camera 30,000 yen bought
(I) bought this camera (for) 30,000 yen.

Konpyuuta de Nihongo o benkyou site imasu.
computer Japanese studying
(I) (am) studying Japanese (using a) computer.

Takusi de ikimasu ka tikatetu de ikimasu ka.
taxi go subway go
(Shall we) go (by) taxi (or) go (by) subway?

Sannin de eiga o mi ni ikimasita.
three people movie see went
(The) three (of us) went (to) see (a) movie.

 

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